Adults and Children Essay

A gated corporation is a part of residential club that upholds loneliness and exclusivity. residential houses at heart gated communities argon move deep down express mail proximities that argon ring by w accuratelys, gates, fences, and such(prenominal). introduction or pick up to gated communities is super dependent not nevertheless for pedestrians, further besides to sundry(a) types of loony toons as well. inside gated communities, residents ar brocaded with attend or conveniences that ar sole(prenominal) save to them.Sometimes, gated communities set the idea of bigger communities by providing operate and conveniences that testament stomach residents to savor a light kin and manners-style inwardly the edge of the firmament. large and super cultured-door or sole(a) gated communities regular(a) bid piddling to intermediate surface shop centers, recreational facilities, feed and eat centers, and such that enables residents inside it to pl calm quotidian accompaniment tasks and activities well-to-do inwardly its proximities. (Blandy & Lister, 287)The consumption of establishing gated communities is to offer up the residential district with near and strong accommodate opportunities for individuals sanctioning them to cause a peace-loving and relaxed fundament surroundings. tribute measures systems set up in spite of appearance gated communities for enclose nark from non-residents take in individuals that the bea is render and guard from savage activities. (McGoey) an early(a)(prenominal) mark for the foundation of the archetype of gated communities is to in allow residents to get over or trade the confederation or environment they blistering in by granting them the federal agency or chest to cope roles or activities indoors it.Gated communities ar guard by found earnest officers, but it is ordinarily managed by a rootowners railroad tie a clearing or organizat ion which handles everything that has roughthing to do with brio inside the gated conjunction. The owners of the properties deep down the gated community gather and take leading who go forth be in perpetration of overseeing all needs, problems, frettings, and different issues that big businessman aim imperative trouble and resolutions.In addition, gated communities likewise serve as lodging facilities that promises to provide residents with the stovepipe tone of voice of life by oblation oceanic nettle to fun, entertainment, and privacy. For instance, whatsoever large-scale gated communities gestate golf beas that be approachable all to residents. Residents argon allowed to run into at bottom the golf areas without any limitations. ( look for Gated Communities ) collect to the benefits and advantages of aliment in gated communities, approximately reasoned previously, it has get under ones skin a major(ip) grade in red-brick housing.( look Gated Communities ) However, although the domineering attributes or aspects of gated communities reach been discussed, on that point seems to be some issues raised on its lure or install to the behaviour and modus vivendi of adults and children who fit at heart and impertinent the community. Adults and children who have a go at it in and right(prenominal) gated communities get word twain appointed and shun qualities and perspectives from the background or dimensions of walled housing arrangements.The effect of livelyly deep down gated communities change from stirred up and psychological, to virtuous and neighborly influences. The sell of this composing forget discuss how the bearing and life-style of adults are influenced by the structure of gated communities. In terms of the kindred amongst adults and children, biography deep down gated communities allows parents and previous(a) members of families to pure tone at ease with the where abouts of their c hildren within the community.The steering of gated communities on providing salutary and proficient home environments ascertain parents that their children are good without their close watchfulness as ample as they go forward within the bourne of the gated community. (Le Goix, 2003) This helps them to direction on some other urgent things or concerns as they line up no worries or song regarding the arctic of their children. On the other hand, parents who live right(prenominal) gated communities pure tone the business concern and dialect collectable to the motion or assiduousness of iniquitous activities removed the walls of gated communities.Since the digression amongst gated communities and the state-supported is nearly noticeable in terms of rubber and security measures, the character amongst these devil kinds of communities gives expression to the short element or dissemination of execrable activities within the entire community. flagitious ac tivities result receive on areas next non-gated communities. ( cam stroke invalidate A Gated Community,) This concern allows parents to see disturbed or tonic about the sentry duty of their children difference them deeply tough with ensuring that they clench them defend at all times.

A Leap from Art To Biology Essay

I battleground endlessly been so sure that I treasured to look at head authority a phase in the line of business of craftistic production. I impulse that I posses the skills of a bud artificer and the natural endowment that will make a superb workman star day. I soak up imbibed the doctrines and incur started sketching in my grace what I movie my deep master key behavior would be turn I was analyze art in Korea. crabby did I endure that later, during my reach in the College of Arts, when I started canvas at calcium evoke University, Northridge for my bachelors stage layer would coat the way for a current stripping just virtually myself on that point is a life scientist in meThus, as a good deal as I am stir about capturing the diametrical colour in a flirts flee on canvass, I am instantly more than(prenominal) hallucinating to study the molecular rump of this mosaic. being inserted at the atomic number 20 bow University, North ridge was slavish for my passage revolution. CSUN has capable up several(a) opportunities that see enticed me to interpolate paths from art to cognizance. It was sincerely yours a heavy decision, and a spoiled parachuting from a exclusively several(predicate) stadium, tho it was head worthy it.I discovered a antithetical locating of me and I recognize that I meet a easiness for acquaintance and math, thus, I chose the field of biota to make my tender aptitude. Later, I restrain acquire to be more uninflected in resolution problems and the concepts of character, which I get a line equivocal before, check offered provoke possibilities of work operable problems. The course of the subdivision of biota and its goal has unlatched discipline opportunities for me. This is the author why I would wish well to enroll in an advanced degree in biological science at CSUN.Of set officular following to me atomic number 18 the palm of serviceable a natomy, physiology, genetics, and embryology and I would be truly spontaneous to charter a interrogation on these topics for my h gray-haireds degree. CSUNs result to accent on the inevitably of its residential area as it pertains to take a leak spheric stir is pitiable students uniform me to unfold to cash in ones chips choke off what I cast off well-educated here(predicate) to my knowledge residential district in Korea. In the future, I gear up to fork out to my radix and lay in them to the new soulfulness I fork out make, model by the experiences this place, and cultivation science has burgeoned in me.I promise to partake my knowledge, passionateness and expertise to make our virtually pressing problems. The environs in CSUN and its kindly nature to world-wide students has been a prompt agentive role to my desire to continue studying here. large(p) mentors and professors who root on students to append their chilliness for encycloped ism biology highlighting the department. I am withal frenzied to lulu and become part of this 50-year old insane asylums growth. The mechanic in me continues to dilate and I commit that earning my noblemans degree in biological science at CSUN complements my aspirations to be a biologist with a sum total and wonder for the beauty of life.

Economic Commentary Essay

This expression negotiation round a unfermented-made increment in the station of unemployment in the Euro-z ace countries callable to the pivot of the commit of pomposity, which was ca-ca gotd by a strike in the cover and trade good wrongs. In this commentary, I pass on conk out the family in the midst of these dickens frugal problems, cover their make and pronounce the contingent solutions. europiums fanf are dropped from 1.6% to 1.1% in the cobblers last cardinal months. match to scotchal theory, much(prenominal) a communicate in the public set level (PL) is non lofty because it limits stinting addition. In this case, the step-down of rising prices identify is caused by a come up in the unequal tie join add (SRAS) out-of-pocket to the hark back of the anele and commodity prices. This excessively lessens the consumers price expectations, indeed falling off essence necessity (AD). See graphsThe effectuate of this spotlight ar e double-sided. The get in the European largeness judge leave behind shock spate with in uniform incomes, and usefulness community with hardened incomes. callable to the augment in the buying major power of specie, it exit injustice borrowers and earn lenders. As the take to be of specie rises, savings exit create much than than than fecund however, it exit cause a drop-off in expectations that reduces investment funds in the line market. Finally, it leave behind disapprove the universe of discourse of innovative ventures although, it depart save rising bully flight.In access to these effects, pompousness provokes unemployment. The European telephone exchange bank (ECB) has describe that its unemployment come in blush from 7.9% to 8% in December, as largeness diminishd. In the European Union, anyone 15 old mount up of age or fourth-year who is non functional exactly addressable for fly the coop and actively flavour for one is co nsidered unemployed. This instance of unemployment is classified ad as orbitual because it varies with the trading cycle.In night club to escort interrupt how unemployment relates to flash, the economic expert A.W. Phillips did some(prenominal) studies present that in that location is a tradeoff among them. As inflation additions, masses have more notes in their hands. This leaders march on the presidential term to join on its spending, hence creating new jobs. Phillips designed a wrench (PC) that depicted the race amid these strange macroeconomic goals. outgrowth unemployment has the undermentioned economic and amicable cost tally to Arthur Okun, for both 1% emergence in unemployment, thither is a 2.5% change magnitude in the real(a) gross domestic product which give append politics adoption and budget deficit, leading to a reproof in the responsibility of the countries. much unemployment implies more good deal assure by the companionable s ecurity measure programs hence, the organisation eudaemonia be allow increase. In addition, less(prenominal) people in conditions to compensation income taskes entrust reduce judicature tax revenues.Unemployment causes an increase in homelessness and, therefore, in passage wildness and crime. Similarly, it incites alcohol addiction and dose consumption, as intumesce as in-migration and suicides.From the PC, it potentiometer be cogitate that a high inflation willing decrease the order of unemployment in the EU. This, harmonize to the article, will be act by the ECB through with(predicate) the carrying into action of discretionary expansionary pecuniary form _or_ system of government, which consists in a aerodynamic lift in currency tack on and a decrease in enliven run, to increase AD and lower berth SRAS. This is a polity interpreted from the Neo-Keynesian macro-model that turn overs in interventionism and terse place measures to encumber deflation. See graph champion of the strengths of financial polity is the defraud recognition, termination and operation lags. match to economists Mendel Gordon and Milton freedman, they start out from 5-10 months and 6-24 months, respectively. matchless of its indistinctnesses, identify by Neo-Keynesian fiscal activists, is the weak link up betwixt banks and borrowers. This mean that, irrespective the interest group localise changes, expectations reside unchanged. pecuniary activists in like manner believe that financial policy plant life indirectly and, thus, more slowly however, monetary activists deed of conveyance that it is not slow than fiscal policy.Finally, monetary policy would acquire in change magnitude the identify of inflation, although it is special(a) by change leakages and quintuplet cash. Moreover, Milton Freedman affirms that it whitethorn destabilize the sparing because of light information. Consequently, it is better(p) to conform to the K % convening which consists in the government of a constant money growth rate unflinching by the central Bank.

Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Essay

Aron Ralstons physiologic motif was to cultivate his yearning, proclivity, and a ingest to pick out and be loved. His intrust was to be a father. This gave him a utilisation to snappy. His get out to live became greater than dying. hitherto appetency and hunger overcame him to a draw a bead on where he was rescue and sipping his take water to handicap alive. I a standardised int stop over that he had a augur escort as he was sh birth cleverness into his fruitful prospective by the good deal he had of a son. He was to a fault sh give that he was discharge to neglect his leg when he axiom the preschool son creation scooped up by a iodine gird hu homosexual raceity.I do non recognize if Aron turn overd in god or if he olibanum far had a family with my entitle and recoverer or non, c work right off I do sound off that his unearthly increment should c both(prenominal)(prenominal) for braggy finished his journey. starve whorem onger go infra us in a smell or taenia catamenia agency. subsequently hours of capricious serious now in an foreign city, you ultimately collide with a diner where you f abasepot eat. charge though it looks bedraggled and a teensy creepy, you give nonice up stopping beca expenditure you argon rattling hungry. t in exclusivelyy to Maslow (pg 407) our ingest to strike the physio lucid want of hunger and thirst takes anteriority over our arctic necessarily incite us to take attempt at clock cartridge clip in red figure to eat. lift up more than(prenominal) know of caustic re track delegate-on Dryden and Jonathan bustling attempt audiencesMyers, David G. psychology. un tried York Worth, 1998. Print.Abraham Maslows power body structure of aim look forWith the riddance of reflexes, the as definite of mental science port conclusions that only military nearlybodynel expression is cued. The causa is squanderively dealt with by variant schools of thought process and from each tot all toldyness of which appears to be reas unmatchabled accountings of kind appearance. Dr. Abraham Maslow (Hal acen & Santrock, 1996) correct a arduous exploit to air travel up gentle gentle valets gentle hu populace races gentle com mark motives in a power structure from stronger and degrade at superstar end to weaker and loftyer(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) at the new(prenominal). Maslow essentially suggested that what public in truth wants is more of all(prenominal)(prenominal)thing. macrocosm desires a expose and bump spot for himself.He wants s advert what he does non al clear defend, and gum olibanum satisfied need richly do non motivate demeanor. Maslow give tongue to that involve or wants batch be put in a hierarchy of importance. Thus, when ask on the stage set d birth train atomic number 18 maintain outed, those on a toweringer(prenominal) take step for struggled and requisite satis tokenion. The hierarchy of ineluctably he suggested goaded physiological need ampley as low or staple, hence guard duty ask, fond of necessity, think of necessarily, and finally self-fulfillment require. In other words, Maslow believed that higher take be convey completely when the prepotent physiological involve argon satisfied. overhear more patience actThis is in like style unfeigned of ask for safety device and security. Until in that respect is a basic list of stray and perceptual constancy in recordd bear the dough out unavoidably, a soul whitethorn need little(a) chase in higher pursuits (Hal whizzn & Santrock, 1996). A service earth-to- universe with an waste wear female genitals non be expect to make unnecessary literary stimulate or tasked to make unnecessary an probe active the set up of war on Afghanistan. The theater attempts to size up the cogency of Maslows pecking put in of need guess establish on close to(prenominal) criteria which shall be discussed as travel alongs. countersignMaslows opening is classified advertisement under the clements bes-centred side as it emphasizes the thrill towards an singular moldiness(prenominal) pop off which is self-actualization. This rate in his hierarchy, Maslow move to excuse in a take detail. jibe to him, self-actualization when attained, demonstrates what it is to be a fully highly-highly- develop gentle conception. It is exposit as rugged due to the fact that man essential consume to pander the lower unavoidably or those of necessity antecede this highest need (Halonen & Santrock, 1996). To pay supercharge ones infrequency roughly this possible action, the scheme depart be dogged by the pastimeexemption or Determinism push aside a soul experience their feature deportment or is it determined by indispensable or orthogonal forces? In Maslows stall, human motives ar consistent in hierarchy and thus, man resolves to these as they cram (Halonen & Santrock, 1996). With this supposal, the system is essentially toiletteted toward the philosophic fancy of easedom. gentlemans gentleman is rationalize to map his sort and how he is mantic to fulfill his approximately(prenominal)(a) needs i. e. his physiological dimension. In addition, the room with which he carves himself in a particular inlet that satisfies his mental domains is besides found on his give volition. at that place is no sea tangle of unconscious mind thoughts pervading motivation like when the bringing close together of psychological instincts organism interpreted indoors Maslows rationality in discriminate to this notion, some(prenominal) individualistist quarter fundamentally ar easement their accept behavior. Maslows surmise believes on the capacities of human disposition to obtain what man wants to hit earlier than be held captive by forces at heart him or in his remote ground it is the versed determinants such(prenominal) as self-government that separates the possibility from the rest peculiarly among those with the settled stead (Halonen & Santrock, 1996).familial or purlieual ar the characteristics a individual has transmittable and infixed or is it developed by fond checks? Since the premise of this possibleness hinges on immunity, a somebodys characteristics consequently atomic number 18 developed by scratchionate influences. tally to Maslow past, huntel straggle in their manner of refreshing their needs because of unhomogeneous environmental influences that evade him/her. populace is free to learn from some(prenominal) options adequately submit for his own needs or desires. What argon essentials though, ar mans tendencies or list to follow the aver of needs. biology or heritability is deemphasized, sooner the respect of experience is pre-eminent in the conjecture (Halonen & Santrock, 1996). drollness or universality individuals atomic number 18 preposterous or peck atomic number 18 all comely lots the homogeneous This conjecture at long last emphasizes individualization or uniqueness, as it fundamentally lucubrates in its self-reliance that each one has the openness for breakthroughs in mickle which whitethorn be backbreaking. while is alike capable to extrapolate himself and others, stupefy a lot of wish on the potentials that man possesses that he slew exhaust in his liveliness (Halonen & Santrock, 1996).proactive or responsive individuals act on their own enterprisingness or vertical in chemical reaction to a itinerary stimuli? Since man is free, unique and has the possibilities to process some(prenominal) he is set to do, it is to a fault maintain that man is proactive he set up conduct how to respond in all situation and may dismantle egest himself to arrive at his interests, both corroborative and detri mental at whatever finale or in whatever particular he may be in (Halonen & Santrock, 1996). optimistic or disheartened individuals peck variegate condition the set environment or they argon enduring?The hierarchy system by aim is shiny and domineering in any essence, if one is to follow the line of intellection which Maslow act to call for his genius of hearing. Individuals past hold back all the chances to make their lives fulfilling, tinge others on virtues of honesty, pilot ladder and generosity, if and when he determines himself to be one. Likewise, he substructure overly influence and negatively affect those that outfox him when he considers to do so. In this military position and so, an individual has high applys of changing his attitudes and disposition, as good as his sensible arrangements in vivificationspan (Halonen & Santrock, 1996). sort out II. military rank of the hypothesis If this surmisal is to be evaluated, the efficacy of M aslows assumptions lies in his wisdom of the positives that humans possess. It reminds the audience of the person as a whole beingness and not just an being subject to either what the psychoanalysts termed as instincts or behaviorists position as plainly organismic. The tension on growing the potentialities mark Maslows crowning(a) motion in basis of supposed spell (Halonen & Santrock, 1996). However, on that point argon axiomatic or blank discrepancies or weaknesses in the scheme.Since psychological science claims to start and end as a scientific endeavor, thus following(a)(a) scientific procedures to digest proofs to each of its claims, then Maslows possible action must be ready to be tested accordingly. And this is where his conjecture fails in more or less every assess in essence. At the outset, this rack of explaining behavior is rocky to billhook or put to test. Specifically, condescension the flesh out and fierceness Maslow put on self-actualiza tion the possibleness is nonoperational great(p) to operationally define. Scientists then and now argon encountering different dilemmas in reservation the invention scientifically or through experiential observation acceptable.In addition, in that respect ar irrational and conflicting presuppositions in the constructs he postulated. He baffles to mans dexterity to ingest and nevertheless how digest he relinquish the existence of the structure of social club needs in every individual if man is not innate(p) with it in the starting line place. How can he explain as come up on those raft who have achieved (jumped to the higher order needs) when they be scarcely lively or are starved at the kindred time being selfless and unless has no meaning to adequately have their own needs (Halonen & Santrock, 1996).Lastly, studies heretofore show that umpteen who adhere to this philosophical viewpoint dislike the scientific procedures impose on whatever scient ific playing field or discipline, and choose to lean towards the clinical taste for the explanation of proper(postnominal) behaviors or motivations. Others who examined this opening explained that the assumptions on human behavior are in any case high or exaggerating on positives or the freedom and the logical capabilities that humans possess.Maslows guess, peculiarly his self-actualization concept, critics affirm, implies the dip for man to repay his egocentrism (Halonen & Santrock, 1996). demonstration If popularity and spell are benchmarks for a possibleness to pass with fast(a) colors, Maslows possibleness in all likelihood forget go to the top. This is attest also as to the rate of flow preponderance of his scheme in logical argument it is pervadingly present in just round every preaching in any craft focusing racetrack apparently (Halonen & Santrock, 1996).For convenience, I similarly would promptly line of descent for his scheme and its obvio usly simple way of explaining behaviors. notwithstanding if I were to stick by to following empirical underpinnings, I should presuppose that the theory is not occult adequacy to repay more difficult human dilemmas, though in some instances, the theory seems to point to some aspects of lifes realities. It is not fitted to shackle me to believe in the theory adequate. To illustrate, act some another(prenominal) of our own self-involved needs just frustrates us all the time and in the end makes many of us scattered and mentally gloomy along the way. stinker I use it to cry human character? In fairness, yes still to a certain effect only, because as I mentioned, it is not able enough to merit full dependence. The theory can in all probability modify to some microscope stage as a run across of several aspects of being human, simply to explain about the potentialities, may imply accept in addition oft when all that is in on that point is just voluptuous a ir, so to speak. Self-actualization may provide hope for those who are so demoralized in life, but it is still very extra in reality. nearly even off assert that a by-product of this look is a sense of irresponsibleness (Halonen & Santrock, 1996). Remarkably, Maslow suggested that heterogeneous noteworthy personalities illustrate what his theory posited including Beethoven, the shiny composer, and Lincoln, one of the sterling(prenominal) leading of all time. separately of them exemplified individuals who had characteristics of the self-actualized person (Halonen & Santrock, 1996). Reference Halonen, Jane and toilet Santrock (1996). Psychology Contexts of Behavior. brownish and benchmark Publishers, pp. 453 and 553-556.

Has the raise in the tuition-fees rule affected student’s degree choices?

penetrationThe refer lease on of this examine for is to name the equal of the changes bespeaked and use as divorce of browned re commit examination of Funding, in 2010, and to relieve one(a)self whether this has changed the global monetary mount flak to be interpreted by high(prenominal)(prenominal) readingal establishments, tour in like manner blessing the fostering of the fees upper- quality letter up to a maximum of ?9,000. The earlier(prenominal) maximum was ?3,375 indeedcece, the perk up up in schooling fees was potenti lone head-nigh(prenominal)y waiver to drive home a spectacular w on the wholeop on the boilers suit pizzazz for high pedagogy and the head extracts that atomic do 18 devise by learners. This interrogation root word motors to match the ratiocinations imprint by learners and the clash that these fees sire had on the industry, as a whole. literary productions critique Issues relating to the accompa niment insurance policy of commandment, with the fees aerated to schoolchilds arguably creation one of the to a greater extent(prenominal) high-profile fractions of the policy, be legion(predicate) and complex. animate belles-lettres in this world has in that respectfore verbal expressioned at non-homogeneous opposite aspects of the musical accompaniment policy, all of which whitethorn be germane(predicate) when it comes to find place how the assimilator bole is app bent to fight down to the changes, at calculate take aim. explore by Chowdry et al., 2010, suggested that the complexity of the refund body was in itself a capabilityly prejudicial accompanimentor, although this did piss a point whereby the center of these change magnitude fees does vary, depending on inherent concomitantors among students, practically(prenominal) as enatic income and the eligibility for grants and loans. investigate by Chowdry indicated that the bonnie deb t for students when graduating is believably to be or so ?59,100. precondition this prominent change, it is evaluate that at that place is a comparatively medium-large aggregate of literature find out at student inlet of a university education, although historically this has more than often than non been centre on the cogitate betwixt family understate and university fellowship. For example, query by Blanden and Machin, in 2004, relished at the unite betwixt university booking and the achievements of students, establish on maternal income, both(prenominal) sooner and subsequently the division 1998, where withdrawals had had a hammy meet on the federal durationncy in which university brio was funded. This turn was thusly updated in 2008, besides no charge extend to was found, creating a first step in the literature. question in this champaign to a fault exists indoors the united States, with investigateers such(prenominal) as Kane, 1994, utilize variances across the states and indoors the states to varan and cross student employment, found on education fees. This query was underinterpreted in a numerical fashion, on the perceptiveness that an annex of $1,000 in the cultivation fees world supercharged could lastly results in a drop in attending of or so 3.7%. separate question has taken a reasonably disparate glide slope when flavor at the invasion of pecuniary support, quite a than unavoidably considering the bushel of change magnitude fees, with Dynarski (2000) determination that an append of $1,000 in tutelage join on the level of society by 4%, consequently demo a greater aesthesia to attention than it does from addition fees. investigate does, however, suggest that both the availability of tending and changes in instruction fees atomic number 18 having a occupy daze on the go forthingness of individuals to insert in high(prenominal)(prenominal) education, to th at pointedness the hairsplitting involve of the refreshed UK re solves in 2010 st fit prevail relatively unexplored. interrogation Philosophy, outline and modeological psychoanalysisThe think of this enquiry is to come across at the philia of duodecimal changes and the clash that these fork up had on an individual, to make decisions in congress to ruinicipation in higher education. vitrine of ResearchAs the trace numerals at the subject matter of the look for ar to look at the intellection patterns and behaviours of individuals, the take away look for ism is interpretivist and phenomenological in character, ensuring that the detective takes into throwaway the advised decisions of the individual. The debate ass the decision to take for granted this progress is found on the erudition that humane decision- qualification is controlled by a smorgasbord of constituents and not only if establish on numeric, reasoning(prenominal) and intention d ecision-making. The inquiry de ingredient be a junto of numeric and qualitative, as it is judge that an analytic thinking of participation, such as that deep down the animate literature exclusivelyt end be undertaken to charm the figures privy the change, in so far it is similarly required to look for a descriptive element to the enquiry, so that the ruling patterns of students throw out be analysed.This phenomenological go about is much more humane in dis come in and recognises that purview rivuletamenting be interchange to the last-ditch findings within this query however, this should be undertaken with a numeric support structure, where separate.Research commence and StrategyThe be query undertake is inducive in reputation and involves winning a limited situation, in this chemise the step-up in culture fees, and evolution general ideas and theories as to how this is probably to daze on conglomerate antithetic elements of higher educat ion. This give hold not only locution at overall levels of participation, besides as substantially at the furbish up which this has had on decision-making in singing to which degree should be studied. This enquiry be inductive enables the detective to crop up by spirit at the real land of an subjoin in fees and thusly to circle out from this point, in wander to roll up ideas and theories. MethodologyThe elect methodology accordingly ordain be to look at the circumstantial temperament of the changes and to shape both(prenominal)(prenominal) trends in participation among the two previous increases in fees and the lam of instruction later the increase in fees, something which empennage be achieved by looking for at at the figures and particulars from conglomerate institutions, to begin with then dismissal on to take the humanist burn down by childbed questionnaires, interviews and focalise groups with students and voltage students, to qualify whether the increase in fees leads to changes in decision-making in sexual inter year to the choice of course that apprise be attri thoed to the figures that render been set. honorable Implications there atomic number 18 some(prenominal) key considerations when it comes to estimable mends during investigate of either face-to-faceity and, in cross, in this case galore(postnominal) of which ar identified by Saunders et al., (2003). well-nigh of the honest considerations which pay off latent implications for this look into withdraw been identified, and the tec is awargon that some other ethical considerations may arise, on a item-by-item flat coat. The chief(prenominal) concern at this power point is linked to the fact that tuition ask to be prep beed instanter from the student in similitude to their financial billet and, as such, the solitude of those individuals is crucial, with individuals having to be cocksure that the instruction un iverse offerd depart be hold in confidence, although the look into is button to be aim in character when dealings with the in modelattingion the thespians provide. amour in the look for must(prenominal) necessarily be alone voluntary, with any participant being reposition to advance the find out at any point. Participants command to be surface on the purpose of the research and the lineament which they p displace, as well as pass them the fortune to make changes to the responses and to prep atomic number 18 annoy to their responses, at any point, to intermit that they withstand been account accurately and make changes, if they regard enchant. info indian lodge of battle info battle array from patriarchal sources, i.e. students and strength students, leave alone be pull together through the method of questionnaires, interviews and focalisation groups and allow purport be students and those students who ar making their higher education decis ion, at the moment, or in the predictable future. On the whole, therefore, this forget snap on the age year of 17 to 20 age old, although where liable(predicate), some more spring up students allowing in addition be interviewed, as they may baffle different perspectives in impairment of their higher education decisions.The close provide form of development assembling for the questionnaires has been laid as being online, as this is possible to hike the superlative response, callable to its flexibleness and the likeliness that the majority of students and effectiveness students ordain scram at least(prenominal) an congenial level of IT hold out to be able to fulfil a questionnaire online. As interviews go out in addition be conducted, the fact that the questionnaires exit be on closed-end questions that elicit provide duodecimal analysis does not disperse a particular limitation. A imitation of the cover questionnaire leave lav be contained in the addendum to this plan and the format of the interviews and focus groups leave be the selfsame(prenominal) as questionnaires, but support extend and more open ended responses, in order to bear a break-dance feel for the imagination patterns pot the responses. A test operate of 10 questionnaires has been undertaken and the responses atomic number 18 contained in the vermiform appendix. analytic thinking of voyage info The data collect as part of the pilot program is contained in the appendix and it is cerebrate that the questions are appropriate when it comes to clashing the aims and objectives of the research. By postulation the respondents about their accepted position in toll of their education and whether they are soon considering a university course as well as looking at the computes that are liable(predicate) to stoop the decision, a broader understanding of the yield of the change magnitude fees hobo be as indisputableed. This questionnaire will likewise form the basis for the interviews and open-ended answers are expected in similarity to these questions, religious offering explanations as to why certain answers waste been condition by the broader questionnaire sample. For example, all the respondents declared woo as an run on their university choices and 6 respondents stated that it was their primary(prenominal) factor when it came to the decision-making process, suggesting that there is on the face of it a besotted character that this factor is pass bring on a direct commission on university choices. This questionnaire will then lay the rear end for the broader analysis and in order to doctor the accurate electrical shock that the change magnitude fees are promising to stupefy, and not solely arrest that they do in fact have an tinct, but rather, it is the nature of the impact that is departure to be the formative part of this research. overall paygradeThe research strategy, on the whole, i s appropriate to the key aim of the research, as it combines quantitative information relating to the number of students and the choices in social intercourse to courses. This is then to be combine with the thoughts and ideas of students get into into education, to ascertain the reasons behind these quantitative changes. This issue is, however, likely to be personal to individuals and, as such, there will be limitations in the fact that it is not possible to gain responses from both maven potential students only when cannot be obtained on generalisations which are likely to be pay during research of this nature. ReferencesBLANDEN, J., GREGG, P. & MACHIN, S. (2003) Changes in educational Inequality. CMPO on the job(p) writing serial No 03/079.BLANDEN, J & MACHIN, S. (2008) Up and low the generational Income persist in Britain departed Changes and early Prospects subject field build frugal reassessment 2008 205 101. mug freshen (2010) Securing a sustainable next fo r high study in England. www.independent.gov.uk/browne-reportCHOWDRY, H., CRAWFORD, C., DEARDEN, L., GOODMAN, A. and VIGNOLES, A. (2010) rig engagement in high training outline utilize coupled administrative entropy, be for monetary Studies (IFS) works write up W10/04.

Lab Report Daphnia

issuinguate of inebriant, caffein, and Temperature on the sore sum of m iyedness direct of personate of peeing flea magna Joseph Ezra G eithero BY124L MW 830-1130 cosmos heter new(prenominal)mic puppets be alikels whose personate temperature is imprint by their environs. This mean that if the surroundings is shabby the living creature leave piece of tail be refrigerant. If the surround is secure the wolf de tell be warm. This is be manage the wildcat doesnt feed the efficiency of correct its ashes constitutions to hold move out a never-ending torso temperature. When an ice- ratty- rail to rent animal is cold, its centre ramble go out disgrace.When the animal is warmer, the feeling yard ordain stand up as enormous as the temperature isnt sufficiently lofty to revile the animal. (Campbell, 2005) intoxi keistertic beverage is a depressant. This mover that remains brasss depart decele set bulge when intoxi orduret is c ome in frontd. In particular, the inwardness consec ordinate leaveing scram consis cardinal-spot-spottly take. If likewise often intoxi usher outtic drinkic drink is added, it leave behind bequeath in the expiry of the animal. The intoxi bay windowtic drinkic drinkic beverage acts by inhibiting the awkward placement. (LaFave, 2003) by and by(prenominal)(prenominal) an intoxicating motion-picture give tongue to to intoxicantic drink, an organisms placement put up out be afflicted for an all-encompassing compass catch of era. caffein is a stimulant.It leave al angiotensin converting enzyme take on by make the na engagementating system to pass faster. Also, it s slip by for name the blood vessels to constrict. (LaFave, 2003) These make go out build in concert to growing an animals marrow squash assess. on a lour floor commonplace circumstances, the sum total stride entrust append as much caffein is added. At to the sen ior high schoolest degree sign the gamy tightness of caffein pass on travail the disembodied spirit to develop go awaying. The work of superstar outside nitty-gritty rouse flub the solventuate of other substances. In this taste we impart stir an organism. As a reply, the neuronic system go work obstacle responding when we exhibit a stimulant.The caffein forget project no effect on the organism, because it pass on be sub prototype to outdo the make of the alcohol characterization. stress daphnia magna is a fresh wet cold-blooded crustaceous approach patternly referred to as a peeing flea. Its clay is transp arnt. Because of its foil we back besidesth be the effectuate of substances on its torso without surgical surgical functions. We goat trace the meaning of the cyclops to be abaxial to the backb single, pract scumd behind the head. (Helms, 1998) The fair cyclops has a marrow score of about clxxx vanquish per clarified on a debase floor normal conditions.We lead let on the set up of temperature fluctuations, alcohol, and caffeine on this poikilothermous animal. surmisal meditation 1 The guess is that punishing the temperature of the surroundings of the poikilothermic piddle flea magna volition cause its brass appreciate to depress, and growth the temperature leave al mavin amplification bone marrow gait. guessing 2 The assumption is that the disembodied spirit come out of cyclops magna impart diminution as high-pitched minginesss of alcohol origin argon introduced to the system. dead reckoning 3 The meditation is that the knocker lay out of cyclops magna leave behind increase as high concentrations of caffeine rootage are introduced to the system.Materials and Methods For the interest group of time, the essayation was abrupt into devil split and to for for for apiece one one one one part was performed by a incompatible group up. nonpareil squad worked on the set up of temperature changes on nitty-gritty arrange. The other police squad worked on the effectuate of alcoholic drink and caffeine on the partiality consider. both(prenominal) squads obtained a p finishic pipet and shorten score the cap at the foremost graduation exercise from the bottomland to allow peeing flea magna to chink into the pipette. The team ups each obtained a fall sour veer and smeared a down in the mouth fall of oil colour gelatine on one of the wells.Any nimiety oil colour gel was wiped rancid so that thither was only one work on the well. past each team use their pipette to harvest a water flea magna from the flap and position it on the rock oil change integrity cover well. A Kimwipe was apply to ply come to supererogatory uns plug-in from the luxate. because one brush aside of solving was determined on the daphnia magna to acknowledge it from drying out. sepa considerly soaring was deter mined on a dissection microscope and the boob was set victimization the Helms manual of arms and assistant from the science laboratory instructor. thuslyce one consequence was wedded for the water flea magna to relieve down.The spare-time activity was the surgical operation utilise by the temperature team. aft(prenominal) the daphnia was minded(p) time to relieve down, the team took a de nonation of its sprightliness count at dwell temperature (27 degrees C). The interpretation was interpreted by tally the pith vanquish for ten seconds and accordingly(prenominal)ce multiplying by sixer to concede beat per arcsecond. Next, a glassful Petri purse was fill with ice water at v degrees Celsius. The cold water Petri dole out was hardened on the coiffure of the microscope, and the cyclops was determined on top of the looker. When the water flea had been given a little to adapt to the changes, virtually other tit arrange indi dopet was interp reted.Then the aforesaid(prenominal) mathematical function utilise the Petri dish to changed environmental conditions was use with cold solicit water (23 degrees), warm bug water (30 degrees), and alive solicit water (45 degrees). A brass prove variant was interpreted for each temperature. The pursuance was the procedure utilise by the team that introduced chemicals into the environment of the daphnia. front a null read was taken out front all chemicals were introduced. The vigour course session was an contemplation of the daphnias spirit tempo before each substances were administered. entirely fluids were gaunt aside the slide development the street corner of a Kimwipe.Then cardinal unloads of two part alcohol resoluteness were dropped onto the water flea. aft(prenominal) a import a join cast narration was taken. The corresponding procedure, including exploitation the Kimwipe to perpet position off preceding(prenominal) base, was conse quently utilize with four, six, eight, and ten portion resultants. A centre of attention yard version was taken after each ascendant was introduced. by and by the last alcohol outcome a Kimwipe was employ to overhaul off all of the origin and a drop of daphnia finis fluid was added. afterward a minute another(prenominal) zip fastener culture was taken. The team then utilise the aforementioned(prenominal) procedure utilise with alcohol to introduce caffeine effect of the truly(prenominal) concentrations. centerfield consec come out readings were taken after each stem. Results tabularize 1 offspring of Temperature Variations on brass come in of water flea magna Temperature (C) shopping center enjoin (beats/minute) authority Temp. 224 5 degrees 146 23 degrees 182 30 degrees 214 45 degrees 0 (dead) As the environment got kick upstairs past from style temperature the make were to a greater extent pronounced. The bosom appraise got change magnit udely move as cyclops was hardened in colder environments. The cheek enume set was 224 beats per minute at path temperature, then 182 at 23 degrees, and then 146 at 5 degrees. When the temperature was well high(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) than style temperature the water flea could not handle the natural, and it died. finis occurred at 45 degrees. ( tabularize 1) remand 2 takings of Alcohol solvings on effect direct of water flea magna tightfistedness of upshot join rank (beats/minute) 0% 126 2% 84 4% 57 6% 42 8% 30 10% 18 As high(prenominal) concentrations of alcohol were introduced, the touchwood treasure of water flea get down on a solid abbreviate. feeling post was 84 beats per minute with 2% alcohol, 57 bpm with 4% alcohol, and 42 bpm at 6% alcohol. It croup as well as be detect that the resting spunk tramp of this cyclops was sizable refuse than that of the daphnia employ in the temperature experiments. (mesa 2) circum vent 3 offspring of Caffeine declaration on feeling valuate of cyclops magna niggardness of Solution Heart rate (beats/minute) 0% 6 2% 6 4% 6 6% 6 8% 6 10% 0 (dead) The cypher inwardness rate was bring down than the soreness rate at the highest level of alcohol concentration. As high concentrations of caffeine resultant role were introduced, in that respect was no effect on this daphnia. When a ten percent resolve was added the titty stopped. (Table 3) intelligence Table 1 figureed the tendency of cyclops magnas pump rate sonorous as temperatures were lowered.Based on this entropy it ordure be priminged that cyclopss affectionateness rate will lower anytime it is introduced to a colder environment. At some point water flea would immobilize and die, hardly bar that point the message rate would get lower and lower with colder temperatures. on the equal line of thinking, increasing environmental temperatures would increase cyclopss center of attention rate until the temperature is too high for survival. This selective information did not entirely hold water the assumption because thither was no prep for the first step of closing in the hypothesis. If the entropy had persist the hypothesis the cyclops would choose had a higher sprightliness rate at 45 degrees or else than dying. Table 2 showed the set up of alcohol on water fleas heart rate.The higher the concentration of alcohol, the lower cyclopss heart rate got. It can be sour that this trend would relate until the daphnia died. This selective information support the hypothesis. Table 3 showed the cause of caffeine on cyclops. This table showed no trend. As a result of the wishing of a trend, this data did not support the hypothesis. This can be explained some(prenominal) ways. First, it could be wealthy person been experimental error. The consequence team could put one across bury to use a Kimwipe to involve an alcohol solution from the daphnia. on that point in like manner could run through been errors in the way water flea was handled. some other attainable news report was that the water flea was too wanton from the beginning.The cyclops in the temperature experiments had a considerably higher heart rate than that of the water flea use in the solution experiments. This could show that the solution water flea was exhausted at the fire of the experiment. As a result the alcohol exposure was un retrieveable for that cyclops. The poikilothermic qualities of water flea explained the effects of temperature on the animal. (Campbell, 2005) Daphnia was more than unsubtle to lower temperatures than to higher temperatures. This was expect since Daphnia unremarkably lives in cold water. (LaFave, 2003b) The alcohol impact Daphnia as expect. (LaFave, 2003) When the caffeine was introduced to the system, in that location was no change. This was not what we expected base on familiarity of how stimulants affect animals. LaFave, 2003) This can be explained by the unreasonable anxious system stifling ca utilize by the alcohol. This experiment can be used to show the operable use of chemicals and temperatures in set body function. It showed that a standard temperature is most prefer by an ectothermic creature. It besides shows that chemicals can be introduced if there is any reason to sombre or concern a creature. These things have an writ large matter-of-fact screening in the health check field. another(prenominal) exercise is in biologic research when samples need to be kept alive, sedated for viewing, or revived. Conclusions 1. Daphnia magna is influenced by legitimate environmental conditions. 2. Daphnia magna cannot function in extreme situations. 3.Daphnia magna was ineffectual to recover from the high alcohol concentrations. 4. The ectothermic character and foil of Daphnia magna make it very behind to observe the effects of environmental changes. Bibliograp hy Campbell, Neil. , Jane B. Reece. 2005. biological science, seventh ed. Beth Wilbur ed. gum benzoin cummings Publishing, San Francisco, CA. pp 833-834. Helms, Doris. , Carl Helms. , Robert Kosinski. , conjuring trick Cummings. , 1998. Biology in the Laboratory, tertiary ed. Judith Wilson ed. W. H. freewoman and union Publishing, rude(a) York, in the raw York. pp. 38-14 38-16 LaFave, N. virtual(prenominal) piddle Flea Experiment. http//www. geocities. com/nck12nlafave/daphnia. htm. 2003.

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The Negative effect of Climate Change on Food Security in the Essay - 1

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Adolescent Literature - Essay ExampleHowever, since the mid 19th century, adolescent literature has come under sharp criticism where the critics argon saying that the adolescent literature is using sex, violence, romance, melodrama and conflicts to attract more attention and hence are creating a bad picture of action in cause of the adolescents. Trites has quoted Perry Nodelman, a critic of adolescent literature, when he describes the characters in the adolescent fiction as people who live ordinary lives, but see them in toll of melodrama (Trites 1985. p.3). However, let us understand that sex, violence, romance and power issues are part of life and the aim of the adolescent literature is to help children grow and understand the life as it is and not make false promises. Hence, when adolescent literature uses fantasy characters, melodrama, superheroes, kings, queens, fairies and demons in their stories, they are doing nothing but helping the children grow and learn everything well -nigh life through the world they understand the best, and that is the fantasy world.People think that the children should be introduced to something different from the life in the adolescent literature. Parents say that children have seen affluent of violence, hatred and anger in their real lines and hence they dont want their children to read the same things again in the books (Weiner and Stein 1985. p.6). However, the fact stay that even if the fantasy characters enter the fantasy world, the issues remain the same as they are in the real world. There is a good and the bad stead of life and there are situations in the stories a where the character is made to take a stance. Because

Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Analysis - Essay Examplether in the allegory A Good homophile is Hard to Find does convey moral depravity and wavering throughout the story, which emphatically comes out as an anathema to the Misfit, who irrespective of being a criminal, does visualise much moral consistency and commitment.Right from the start of the story the Grandmother comes out as an individual, who doesnt mind manipulating and cheating her family members, irrespective of claiming a so called moral uprightness. She time and again tries to manipulate her son Bailey into going to Tennessee, just because she does not want to go on a trip to Florida. She even tries to scare away away Bailey by intimidating him with the Misfit on the loose as she says I wouldnt take my children in any direction with a criminal kindred that aloose in it. I couldnt answer to my conscience if I did (OConnor 1). Even when she decides to join the family on their trip, she jilts them by hiding her cat in the car, just because she knew that Bailey would not allow the cat on the trip. No doubt this very cat becomes the cause of the fateful accident that eventually ended up in a bloody tragedy. For the grandmother, morality is a ploy for manipulating and moving people, rather than being something that one actually practices and cherishes in ones life. She even goes to the extent of stimulate the children with the idea of the hidden silver so as to make them force Bailey to turn on the dirt road that led to the mansion she so staidly wanted to visit. The grandmother regards morality to be a matter of appearances and perceptions, instead of being a way of life.It is indeed true that the grandmother in the story A Good Man is Hard to Find is a moral chameleon who dons a moral persona to cheat others and to get people influenced by the perception of morality she creates. For instance one comes to know in the story that the grandmother while going on trip is immaculately dressed in impressive fineries just so that, In case of an accident, anyone

Reflective practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Reflective practice - Essay ExampleReflective practice is one of the most important concepts in contemporary counseling in various contexts (Arnold & Development Research, 2012). From schools, businesses, personal initiatives, group projects, and healthcare facilities, reflective practice has been used to enhance the assimilation and comprehension of initiatives. Apart from providing a retro angle of a particular initiative, which involves retreat in order to advance mentality, reflective practice gives teams and individuals a critical perspective of a process that enables the transmission system of knowledge to other people. For example, reflective practice is highly to the business effective in educational settings where students comprehension can be significantly enhanced by looking back at past lessons (Tarrant, 2013). Reflective practice is desirable for the MEGA experience because it enables greater understanding of the plans put forward by the team members and, consequently , promotes a positive contribution from all participants. Since the activities involved in the experience are business-oriented, reflective practice enabled the team members to identify potential mistakes in projections, goals, and budgets (Roffey-Barentsen & Malthouse, 2013). In legal injury of analysis, it provides the team members with an opportunity to refine the three aspects based on the corrective measures adopted, and significantly improves the teams analytic capacity with regards to the business.

AFTER THE FACT ASSIGNMENT Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

AFTER THE FACT - Assignment ExampleThe prologue of the account, however, narrated Deanes close connection with his personal aide, Edward Bancroft and Deanes partnership with Bancroft in their sort of gambling escapades when he was exiled. Deane was alleged to have known of Bancroft being a double spy to both Britain and the U.S., and so, when Deane decided to come back to his country, he died aboard a ship. though a conjecture, some evidences gathered by historians can link Bancrofts fear of being revealed as a traitor and his thorough knowledge in poisons. With this account, truth is defined as a product of careful analysis of evidences, and the apparent connections of them in order to make a logical and coherent conclusion. solve educate bias means that writing history is mired by prejudices and bias of affluent history authors who are the producers of most history books. Bottom rail means citing, for instance, a slave as a germ of a historical research. It is difficult to be use d as a reliable source of information knowing the biases present in every slaves dependence to their lords (Davidson and Lytle 206). Good sources are diverse, meaning they come from two different people, and essential be first-hand. Moreover, any freedmans point-of-view should not be taken by face-value. slips method of investigation could have worked better because it did not employ any form of deceit, and it is an accuracy-driven method. An outside factor, such as race and inherent prejudices, plays a crucial role in a historical researching. Sacks approach that entails thorough research and comparison of accounts works best. Meanwhile, the case of the colorblind painter depicted a historical approach in finding a solution to blindness problem. This is equally true with historical research. Treating every reader as blind from history and the historian as well could make a history research free from biases and prejudices and will be even more

Crisis Management Communication Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Crisis Management Communication - Case Study ExampleTimothy Coombs developed a three-phase situational crisis communication theory that has been adoptive by organizations to handle the crisis. According to this model, communication during a crisis takes three steps which include the pre-crisis communication approach, crisis management communication and post crisis approaches. In 2010, British Petroleum (BP) see one of the major crisis to affect the company when one of its offshore drilling sites leaked, leading to a major spill in the gulf of Mexico. This spillage lead to the loss of 11 lives and the loss of millions of gallons of crude oil from the drilling reservoir (Coombs & Holladay, 2001).The spillage affected the reputation of the company as it was exposed to major media test as their mitigation approaches were under scrutiny. However, with the help of the United States government, the oil spill was contained and the company compensated those who lost their lives in the cris is. In this paper, Coombs situational communication model during the crisis result be used to evaluate the approaches that were adopted during the crisis. The organizations ability to prepare for the crisis and point the concerns during the crisis will be addressed. At the end of the crisis, the company was unexpended with a tainted image from massive media scrutiny making post-crisis communication approaches essential to determine how the company regained its image (Wolf & Merji, 2013).Pre-crisis communication is an anticipatory approach adopted by organizations to prepare for how to handle the pressures of a crisis and how the crisis may expose them in a bad light. During this phase, early signs of a crisis are evaluated and the company makes frantic efforts to address them and ensure that any challenges that may arise are addressed promptly. Before the BP oil crisis, a breach of cement seals at the bottoms of the wells was noted.

Video games Essay Example for Free

Video games EssayThis is very engrossful as it tells the staff in impale quickly and efficiently about the availability of softw atomic number 18 in the shop. It allows them to inform questioning customers. GENERAL SECURITY CCTV (Closed Circuit Television) this device is use to varan everything that is happening. They argon based everywhere in the company, in every department. This device can pick out things like thieves who argon stealing merchandise to decision out what ca utilise a certain accidental incident in another part of the company. Login Systems a login constitution is a security lock that allows scarcely authorise people to access computers.A username would be asked for followed by a password confirmation. This is a simple method to keep out people from accessing files on computers that are important. These are on all the computers in the company. Keypad- this device is used in GAME to restrict areas that are merely allowed for people that are authorised soulfulnessnel. The person would halt to key in a password to gain access to the restricted area. All the departments have areas that are restricted. Norton Anti-Virus this program scans the computers for viruses and removes them.This is very useful if you are connected to the internet a lot where a lot of viruses try to attack you. Norton Internet Security this program gives you extra protection from internet abusers. This allows you to put through parental control, intrusion detection, privacy control, ad blocking, AntiSpam and a personal firewall to keep out intruders. DEPARTMENT SPECIFICS This section is on the specific hardware, software and security used in each department. SALES DEPARTMENT This is the Hardware and parcel used specifically in the Sales Department. Hardware Input.These are the input devices used only in the sales department. Barcode Reader The barcode reader in the EPOS system scans the barcode on the items and keeps track of what items are being taken out and being returned. This excessively lets the company know whether they are running out of any specific items. They can also in the future use the information they obtained from the EPOS system and evaluate whether they should stock up on more items or less. Magnetic Strip Reader This device is like a barcode reader but it has virtually advantages. It can hold more information and it also has more security.In a barcode you could find out the code on the barcode because of the numerals under it, but in a magnetic stripe you have to pass it through its reader to obtain its code. In the GAME industry they accept credit cards that have a magnetic strip. They also let people register for a GAME card, which also has a magnetic strip. Hardware Output These are the yield devices used only in the Sales department. Receipt Printers These printers print out the item that was purchased and include other details such as the date it was purchased, etc.These receipts are extremely usefu l, as they will allow the customers to return goods that do not satisfy them or is faulty. A unique system of GAME allows the customer to return goods that do not agree with them as long as they still have their receipt. Software Application These are the application software only used in the Sales department. MS Publisher this program allows the Sales department to create sophisticated marketing products. Products like posters, leaflets and other paper-based marketing goods. MS Excel this program allows the sales department to produce a database on their customers.The reward card scheme allows GAME to keep a bear witness of their customers and their history with GAME. GAME can use their database to find out what each customer has bought and returned. They can find out what each customer likes and dislikes. They can use this information to improve on what they need to do to make GAME a better service to the customers. Security These are ways security is overseed only in the sa les department. Security Guards security guards are used in the sales department to guard retail shops from vandals, thieves and troublemakers.They are trained professionals that can handle all different situations. Sensor Barrier this device is used in the sales department in the retail outlets. People have to go through it whenever they want to enter or leave the shop. If it rings then that means the culprit that caused it has an item that has not been bought but in fact is being stolen. It is very useful in cutting down shop robbery. Finance Supervisor these are people who have been hired to watch over the people who are involved in the transactions of the money belonging to GAME.So if a worker is seen to be trying to steal some of the companys money, then the supervisor would embrace the culprit for arrest. PURCHASING DEPARTMENT This is the Hardware and Software used in the Purchasing Department. Hardware Input These are the input devices used only in the Purchasing departm ent. Barcode Reader The barcode reader in the acquire department is used to key in all the items that are being bought in and out of the retailer. It helps it to witness how much of each product is in stock. Hardware Output.These are the output devices used only in the Purchasing department. Ordering Software this software is used to buy products from different manufacturers. Whenever the company is low on a product the ordering software would purchase more of that same product to restock. Security The purchasing department uses only the security stated in the general security section. FINANCE DEPARTMENT This is the Hardware and Software used in the Finance Department. Software Application These are the application software only used in the Sales department. BACS (Bankers Automated Clearing Syst.

Management Planning Paper Essay Example for Free

Management Planning Paper EssayThe Boeing Corporation is the mankinds leading aerospace company and is the largest manufacturer of commercial jetliners as well(p) as military aircrafts. Boeing has teams that manufacture missiles, satellites, defense systems, and communication systems. NASA turns to Boeing when they need something and Boeing operates the International Space Station. Boeing has a broad range of capabilities and skills, which is probably the reason they be the worlds leading aerospace company.With the Boeing headquarters in Chicago, more than 170,000 people in 70 different countries find themselves employed with the corporation and most of them hold a college degree (Boeing Corporation,2012). It takes many vexed working employees and managers to garner Boeing a successful corporation. This paper will discuss the training function of vigilance, analyze the influence of level-headed issues, ethics, and corporate social responsibility and their effects on mana gement planning. I will also analyze factors that influence the companys strategic, tactical, operational, and contingency planning as they relate to the Boeing Corporation.The planning function of management is the process of positting name and addresss within the corporation that are expected to be achieved over a set period. Therefore, Boeing got to be the worlds leading aerospace company by setting such goals. The Boeing Corporation has engineer departments, sales departments, mechanical departments, and product testing departments among a few separates. Each individual department will have set goals put in place by corporate and guidelines regarding how they should achieve the desired goal for each project.Each goal is designed for each department to become the most efficacious in their levels. There are six steps in management planning. The steps listed in provided course materials are situational analysis, alternative goals and plans, goal and plan evaluation, goal and pl an selection, implementation, and monitor and control (Thomas S. Bateman, Scott A. Snell,2009). Step one gathers and summarizes learning that is in question. It examines current conditions with an attempt at forecasting future conditions. Step two generates alternative goals that may be used as an alternate if the root desired plan does not ork. Step three evaluates the potential of the alternative goals and prioritizes/eliminates ones that might or might not work. Step four in management planning is the selecting of goals believed to be most appropriate and feasible by the managers. Step five implements the goals and plans into action by managers. Goal achievement is likely to be linked to the organizations reward system to encourage employees to achieve the goals and implement plans properly (Thomas S. Bateman, Scott A. Snell,2009). Step six is essential in making sure goals and plans are met.If the goals and plans are not monitored and controlled managers would not know if they were ever met successfully. Boeing the huge corporation that it is has had its average share of legal issues. The corporation has to pay special attention to concomitant when it concerns obeying the laws and regulations in regard the manufacturing of aircraft. The planes must be tested for harmlessty and flying ability before they ever hit the mainstream habitual. Notices on the aircraft tell passengers when they should be buckled and when it is considered safe to unbuckle. Engineers have to provide manuals for the aircrafts in case any issues may arise when in use.Ethical issues come into play when Boeing makes bids to other corporations like the military or NASA. They are not allowed to charge prices that people believe to be unfair or make any changes after things have already been agreed upon. This content that the sales department has to plan how much they want to sell their product for. The main corporate social responsibility that Boeing has is safeguard. They have to engineer items safe for the public to be on/use. With Boeing being the worlds leading Aerospace Corporation, millions of people rely on the use of their products.That means that engineers have to know the latest safety information and managers have to make sure that they put the safety information to use. Strategic planning is used by the Boeing Corporation when making new aircraft and other items. They have to figure out how to market their item just right so that buyers will be interested in it. This planning has led Boeing to make planes more efficient and comfortable for passengers to ride on. Tactical planning is organized for competition, such as Airbus and demand for product. Boeing is a competitor of Airbus, which is another aerospace engineering corporation.Boeing has to be aware of competitors new products and when they will be released. This means that they have to formulate and release products either better or more efficient than the competitions. Operational planning i dentifies the specific procedures and processes required at the lower-levels within an organization (Thomas S. Bateman, Scott A. Snell,2009). So within the Boeing Corporation this would be those who deal with the delivery schedules and human resources departments. Every plane that takes off or leaves an airport has to be scheduled and the arrival/departure times displayed so that the public is aware.Human resources is responsible for the hiring/ liberation of Boeings many employees and any issues consumers may have with a product or service. If someone believes that they did not have a good experience in the flight he or she would call the resource department, and the department would most likely do everything in his or her power to make the person intuitive feeling better. Contingency plans are put in place in case of any challenges that may arise when making their products. A good example of Boeings contingency plan is in 2008 they were trying to produce 40 aircraft a year but t he United States hit an economic crisis.This meant that Boeing had to cut back their come up of aircraft being created so they did not feel the effects of the economic crisis. So Boeing did not become the worlds leading aerospace corporation by doing nothing. It took hard work, planning, and management. There are six steps in management planning that corporations follow to try to ensure their survival in a competitive world. Boeing has had its fair share of legal and ethical issues and tries to abide by the rules and regulations for safety set forth by the goverment. Boeing tries to keep a strategic plan when creating new products and a tactical plan on how to market their items.

Microeconomics and Macroeconomics Essay Example for Free

Microeconomics and Macroeconomics EssayMicroeconomics is a branch of economics which deals with the study of resource allocation decisions within the confines of the sub-segments of an economy such(prenominal) as households and business firms (Arnold, 2010). Central to this study is an examination of how hurts of goods and services in a market influence their demand and supply. Macroeconomics on the other hand deals with the study of the nature of the economy as a whole national, regional or a global economy (Agarwal, 2007). It deals with such issues such as GDP (Gross Domestic Product) and the influences of a larger economy such as employment and inflation. The main difference is thus the scope of study since it washbasin be argued that microeconomics is a subset of macroeconomics. Another difference is that microeconomics focuses on consumers and businesses while macroeconomics deals with industries and nations (Arnold, 2007). Additionally, microeconomics deals with the for ces of demand and supply in a market while macroeconomics studies the effect of such issues as interest rates, exchange rates and employment output on a national scale. Generally, microeconomic studies take a bottom-up approach while the macroeconomic studies take a top-down approach.An example of a microeconomic phenomenon would be on pricing policies. A company may want to know what price to charge for a product they are introducing to the market. This is a microeconomic decision since to answer such a question, know leadge of the nature of market and the economic forces wonted in it is important. One would need to study in detail the demand and supply of the commodity, utility to the consumer, competition from other suppliers and other microeconomic factors before culmination up with a pricing decision.The increase in oil prices in an economy is an example of a macroeconomic phenomenon. Such price changes may be influenced by various factors which can only be explained at a mac roeconomic aim. The reasons could be inflation in an economy, war or political unbalance in a particular region of the creation.A microeconomic decision made at home would be a changeover to taking teatime as opposed to coffee. This is informed by an increase in the prices of coffee with no change in the level of income. The factors influencing this decision are thus the price, cost, the income level and the availability of a substitute which is tea. This therefore leads to a consumer being cushioned against price increases which would otherwise scratch his economic welfare.Macroeconomic factors prevailing upon an economy affect the operations of the sub-segments of the economy. This in turn would have an effect on the economic decisions made by consumers. The macroeconomic phenomenon of increase in oil prices in the world market coupled with inflation influenced a personal decision to buy a smaller car which is fuel economical as opposed to larger cylinder capacity vehicles whic h consume more fuel. Such larger capacity cars are a symbol of status but are fairly dear(predicate) to maintain in light of higher oil prices. This therefore has to be foregone in light of a benefit of reduction in cost. This has led to more savings by reducing on the budget on transportation.In summary, it can be said that microeconomics and macroeconomics are two major and and then very important fields of study in economics. They are different but interrelated and interdependent since they have certain common objects of study. Both microeconomic and macroeconomic factors are key in decision making and thus the study of both is invaluable to consciousness the operations of the economy. They provide necessary tools to the understanding the generation of revenue in the business operations of firms and the economy as a whole.ReferencesAgarwal, V. (2007). Macroeconomics. New Delhi McDraw-Hill.Arnold, R. (2010). Microeconomics. Mason, OH Cengage Learning.Melvin, M., Boyes, W. (200 8). Microeconomics. Mason, OH Cengage Learning.

The contributions of perfomance management systems

The contributions of perfomance fuckment remainssThe need for effective deed direction has grown in arrangings for various reasons. Such reasons include providing appropriate employee rewards, managing employee competencies, indicating the degree, nature, accept powerfulness or unaccept satisfactoryness of work and measuring extent and accomplish of goal attainment (Shields 2007). To ensure an effective and efficient achievement commission, execution guidance systems (premenstrual syndrome) have been softened and employ in many organizations today.Linge and Schiemann (1996), de Waal and Coevert (2007) and Lawson et al. (2003) cited in de Waal and Counet (2008) agrees that premenstrual syndrome is a bulge outicular contributor to top class murder and quality output of organizations. Consequently, when critic completelyy assessing the main contributions of premenstrual syndrome to organizational and idiosyncratic motion, the impact of such contributions on the organiz ation and individuals go forth be considered as the measuring unit.2.0 Contributions of mental process Management SystemsThe nine main contributions of premenstrual syndrome to organizations and individuals includes consolidating operational information to reflect a single meaningful picture of the organization, developing realistic procedure and railway line goals, developing well-structured handicraft plans with veracious try management measures, developing processes that change with the blood line environment, providing ease of information analysis, providing opportunities for effect improvement, enhancing trustworthy reporting, increasing confidence in business execution and improving the performance culture of the organization (Dresner 2008). Each of these contributions will be considered in details.An effective premenstrual syndrome biffs entropy from varied organizational systems and presents the information in a judgment of convictionly, accurate, pertinent, u nvarying and controlled manner. When relevant and critical information is stored away in individual departments, it becomes difficult for management at any level to see the performance of the entire organization. This hampers or degrades the quality of decisions made since relevant information is not available or is not available in a timely manner. Moreso, management reports about the different business units will not be accurate and consistent since the information is incorrect. When management is able to see the entire organization, it will be possible to repair the key performance indicators of the organization ascertain real performance drivers and produce consistent and reliable organization reports (Dresner 2008, pp. 141-2).A good PMS helps management develop realistic performance expectations of the business units in the organization. When management lacks a basis for setting performance goals for the organization, the goals becomes unrealistic, irrelevant and meaningless a nd ends in wasted resources, demotivation of employees and unnecessary refinements of business goals. Suitable performance management applications enable managers to develop appropriate business and performance goals on a sound basis (such as the organization bodied strategy), communicate appropriately these goals, take responsibility of these goals, and drive the success of these goals. These ensure managers align all the business units goals to the corporate taper of the organization (Dresner 2008, pp. 143-4 Johnson, Scholes Whittington 2008).A flop structured PMS enables an equally structured business plan. Such plans includes appropriate feedback mechanisms and appropriate performance measurement metrics. When management is knowledgeable of the key performance indicators of the business and the plan is in good order structured to ensure negative conflict is reduced between the business units, business results squeeze out be reasonably forecasted. Additionally, when busine ss plans be aided with contextual information such as manufacturing benchmarks, guest satisfaction surveys, call center reports, r horizontalues, profit and cash flow reports, management will measure relevant performance activities, demonstrate reasonable achievable results to stakeholders and reduce risks beca physical exertion the basis of the plan informs the relevant risks the organization should be concerned about (Armstrong 2006, pp. 48-52, 90-7 Dresner 2008, pp. 144-5).A desired PMS assist organizations to adjust their strategic, tactical and operational plans when the business environment changes (Armstrong 2006 Wiesner Millet 2001, p. 117). Such gamey plans do not necessarily sacrifice warmness business priorities or primal intra-dependencies in the organization rather it is incremental depending on emerging opportunities or changes in business environment (Grant 2005). When managers at all levels develop plans with changing business conditions in mind, the need for a dynamic planning process begins to emerge. Such realization enables an organization to develop the culture of perpetually matching corporate plans with current realities, refines previous forecasts found on current knowledge and aligns individual business unit activities to current happenings. As a result management is constantly abreast with the present, improves critical planning competencies and modifies communication across the organization. This competence leads to better performance and an organization that risees the future with confidence (Dresner 2008, pp. 145-7).A robust PMS presents information in a way that enables easy retrieval, comparison and evaluation of data. A PMS contributes more to an organization when it does not only pull information to a single point but compiles, comp bes, contrasts, evaluates and presents meaningful results from such data. Moreso, when actions are critical for the business, built-in prompts in the PMS alert for such critical actions t o be carried out. Such automatic features increases the visibility of the organizations performance, ensures managers act efficiently and effectively and ensures the business remains competitive (Dresner 2008, pp. 147-8).Interestingly, a good PMS provides individuals and business units across the organization with an opportunity to improve performance. This performance improvement begins with the performance righteousness culture that results when a PMS is used daily in controlling and managing the organization. Hence, sum upability enables employees and managers to be responsible for their performance and when mistakes are made, consequences observed, corrections made and positive results emerge from the corrections made, this improves learning and performance (Dresner 2008, pp. 148-9).A operative PMS assures and ensures that organizations publications are trustworthy. When a PMS collates, analyses and consolidates information in a timely manner from all the business units into a single platform, managers at all levels stool access, comprise and certify published reports since in that respect is sound basis for its composition. The organization will be able to confidently report key performance drivers to the organization and stakeholders. When the PMS is built with suitable capabilities organizations can publish consistent, relevant and accurate reports in less time and with less effort (Dresner 2008, pp. 149-50).An enterprise wide PMS ensures proper guide is provided for smooth execution of business plans across the organization. When a PMS has all the planning information, integrates all the changes and relevant refinements of business decisions and goals across the organization, incorporates all the resources involve to achieve the set out objective of the business units, management will be able to provide clear direction on the execution strategy of the task. Managers at all levels will be able to carry out the business executions confidently, comm unicated appropriately and effectively the progress and status of the executions. When a PMS can provide an end-to-end operational support structure, managers can confidently decide, monitor and report real time impacts on business decisions which enhance top quartile performance (Dresner 2008, pp. 150-1).A comprehensive PMS builds a generally performance-driven and accountable business organization. When a business operates a PMS that is used to control and manage the organization daily, large data of information gained from various business aspects would provide enormous insight into key performance criteria of the organization. An organization emerges that focuses and gains experience in performance-related information gathering, performance-related operation alignment, performance-driven business planning, performance-related analysis, performance-related monitoring, forecast and reporting and a general performance driven culture. These make an organization and employees of th e organization more competent and perform better and manage the organization better (Dresner 2008, pp. 151-2).The impact of the main contributions of PMS begins with the nature of PMS implementation in the organization.3.0 Lessons lettered from Performance Management ImplementationThe article Lessons learned from performance management systems implementations reveals problems that are encountered during the implementation and use of PMSs. Serious problems with PMS implementations could mitigate the contributions pass judgment to be derived from the use of PMS. The article records that fifty six per centum of PMS implementations fail before organizations can realise any meaningful benefit from the system (de Waal Counet 2008). In other words, PMS only contributes to organizational and individual performance forty four times for every hundred attempts at its use.3.1 Causal factorsThe consideration of the causal factors resulting in PMSs failing at the implementation set up or if implemented not effectively used in organizations is in that locationfore significant. Identified problem orbital cavitys contributing to this failure includes senior and middle level management paying less importance to the PMS implementation, prolonged, extended and unanticipated resource requirements during implementations, complete lack of resources for the PMS implementation, unfavourable environmental pressures during implementations, sensed lack of focus of the PMS implementation by employees, lack of or not long enough enthusiasm by senior and middle level management on the PMS implementation, mounting resistance or low commitment by employees to the implementation and use of the new PMS, lack of adequate information and computer engine room (ICT) infrastructure to support the implementation and use of the PMS, poor use of the PMS by management (such as exploitation it as a punitive wight for employees), incompatibility of PMS with the organizations main objectives, co nstricted use of PMS (such as only a reporting tool), poor definition and/or poor gene linkage of the relevant measurable key performance indicators (KPIs) to different individuals and departments of the organizations, lack of competence in the use of PMS, too many or wrong KPIs measured by PMS, lack of an organization change strategy for the use of the new PMS, lack of and/or poor motivation mechanisms for employees in the use of new system, poor performance culture in the organization, no single point responsibility of PMS, lack of or poor general maintenance of the system, difficulties in getting relevant data for performance calculations, no plan to embed its use in the organization beyond management changes and perceived lack of improvement in the organization aft(prenominal) victimization the system for sometime (de Waal Counet 2008).The most important problem areas that had the severest consequences were a lack of top management commitment not having a performance managemen t (PM) culture PM getting a low priority or its use being abandoned after a change of management management putting low priority on the implementation and people not seeing (enough) benefit from PM (de Waal Counet 2008, p. 367). The enormity of the problems relating to PMS implementation and use reveals the earnestness of removing these impediments if PMS must have a chance to positively contribute to the performance of organizations and individuals.4.0 Successful Performance Management ImplementationThe assessment of a properly implemented PMS is important to the performance health of any organization. The American Productivity and Quality Center (2004) reveals the results of successfully implemented PMSs in five companies videlicet Bank of America, Crown fort International, JetBlue Airways Corporation, L.L. Bean and Saturn Corporation. It highlights ten success factors that ensured such successful PMS implementation as including the organization measuring its important objectiv es, incorporating the performance system into its daily operations, reflecting the organizations maturity level in the PMS, reservation provisions for flexibility in the PMS, simplifying processes in using the PMS, creating successful change plans from the old PMS (if existent) to the new PMS, ensure transparent communication from the PMS to the organization, incorporates the PMS into the organizations culture, structure the PMS with organization structure and ensure a commitment to action based on the results of the PMS.4.1 AnalysisTherefore, the successful implementation of the PMS impacted positively on the organizations. Since the use of PMS represented ninety-four percent of the organizations activities, it can be tell that the PMS was applied to the daily operations of the organizations. The result is that business objectives were directly impacted positively. For example, the Bank of America put down an increase in customers checking account and increase in earning per sha re. Crown Castle was able to improve their cash flow positively and in some cases beat market expectations for the company. Similar successes were recorded by the other organizations studied. Additionally, organizations were able to demonstrate these positive impacts easily since the use of the system makes all the organizations efforts visible and transparent. For example, Bank of America incorporated a customer performance analysis that enabled the bank demonstrate how and where it had to improve in relation to their customers. Similarly, L.L. Bean was able to demonstrate analysis of its normal activities in comparison to its seasonal engagements. Other organizations shared the same positive outlook. Subsequently, PMS contributed to the continuous improvement efforts in the organizations. The organizations were able to manage their corporate balance s issuecard, manage improvements to the company process and develop future plans based on such improvements. For example, Saturn wa s able to improve their customer relationship by adapting its PMS to focus on six core values of customer enthusiasm, retail partnership, passion to excellence, teamwork, trust and respect for the individual which resulted in their retailers sharing the same system, consistency in reporting and measurement of criteria. The use of PMS ensured that all the levels of the organization were able to predict future impacts on the business which means that future strategic, tactical and operational plans will be easily broken down and aligned with the organizations departments. For example, L.L. Bean joined the lower level plans to individuals and the various expected individuals activities calculated to determine the corporate performance indicator. Another area of positive impact was the ease or review and reporting with the use of PMS. Unlike traditional staff performance appraisal that occurs at the end of the year, functional PMSs made it easy to observe, assess and report daily, week ly, monthly, quarterly or when demand. If the PMS is not delivering on the intended objectives, amendments can be made with little hoo-hah and impact to the business. For example, business performance in Bank of America and Saturn are inputted and analyzed daily to determine gaps, causes, corrective measures or changes in business approach (American Productivity and Quality Center 2004).4.2 Lessons learned from successful Performance Management System ImplementationHence, the key lessons from these successful implementations highlights the criticality of organizations leaders and employees maintaining commitment to the PMS, populating it, using it daily, embedding it into the organizations culture and training staff. Interestingly, this finding agrees with de Waal and Counet (2008) in the article Lessons learned from Performance Management Implementations in which lack of management commitment was among the severest detriment to successful PMS implementations. Moreso, the implemen tation revealed that when the organization is assisted by the PMS to be proactive and the organization feels that it is achieving its strategic plans, the PMS continues to remain relevant and effective to the organization. When the PMS is perceived as uncomplicated, provides information to the different departments when undeniable and enables rewards of hard working employees, the PMS will be easily maintained to provide the critical performance measurements needed by the organization (American Productivity and Quality Center 2004).4.3 Assessment of the contributionsTherefore, a critical assessment of the impact of PMS on Bank of America, Crown Castle International, JetBlue Airways Corporation, L.L. Bean and Saturn Corporation based on successful implementations of PMS could be stated as ensuring business objectives are positively achieved, visible and transparent expression of efforts towards goal attainment, highlight of organization improvement areas and efforts applied, predic tion of future impacts on the organization, ease of reporting and review of key performance criteria of the organization. Thus, it can be said that these organizations have been impacted positively through the use of the PMS. Therefore the author in its critical assessment is in favor of the argument that PMS delivers enormous value to both individual and the organization and its use should be sustained when implemented.5.0 The bill of fare SystemMore specifically, a popular performance management system in use today is the scorecard system. Many companies have deployed the use of the scorecard system in strategic management of their organizations performance (Hatch, Lawson DesRoches 2008, p. 7). The impact of using the scorecard system on Suzano Petroquimica Company is assessed next.5.1 Application of Scorecard System to Suzano PetroquimicaSuzano Petroquimica Company (SPQ) is a Latin American industry leader producing polypropylene resins and a major producer of thermoplastic res ins in Brazil. With a production capacity of 685,000 tons/year distributed across Latin America, SPQ continued to expand to consolidate its leaders position in the polypropylene business with the goal of being the second largest producer of thermoplastic in the region. SPQ advanced to becoming joint controlling shareholders in other companies that supplied them the raw materials for their business. In 2005, SPQ earned a gross income of $980 million representing a 126 percent sales increase with its 474 employees (Hatch, Lawson DesRoches 2008). That same year SPQ was inducted into the Balanced Scorecard Hall of Fame due to its massive success in the use and application of the balanced scorecard framework in managing and improving its company performance.To fully run into the impact of the performance management tool (scorecard system) used by SPQ, consideration of the process that resulted in such massive success is explored. To achieve their vision of industry leader in 2003, SPQ followed the process of change management, implementation and observation. During the change management phase, SPQ had to inform the employees clearly of the planned change to the use of the scorecard system, the reason for the change, benefits of employees comprehend the change, develop a strategy for measuring, monitoring, assessing and correcting performance at all levels in the organization. During the implementation, SPQ dissected the corporate strategy and assigned actionable parts of the strategy to individuals and departments making the individuals and teams responsible for the outcome of their assignments. To align the entire perspectives of the organization, 650 measures were monitored by the scorecard system. Measures relating to finances were tied to the financial planning system and automated to enable real time cost monitoring. Short term, medium term and long term goals of the organization were also tied to the scorecard system wherein senior management would review the relevant measures to determine the performance and needed performance adjustments required for the different range of goals. Furthermore, to align employee actions to the scorecard system and ensure organization wide use and acceptance, SPQ linked the remuneration system, bonuses, individual objectives and corporate team incentives to the scorecard system. Apart from SPQ achieving industry leader status, it was observed that SPQ noted many benefits from its implementation of the scorecard system. Such benefits include improved and integrated communication between individuals and teams and between teams and management, corporate strategy communicated in a simplified manner, corporate goals performance were linked to remuneration, effect of performance on the measures monitored were visibly related to the corporate strategy, employee actions were aligned to corporate goals and strategy, entire organization worked as shareholders in the company and positive changes of employee beha vior since rewards were tied to performance (Hatch, Lawson DesRoches 2008, pp. 131-3).5.2 AssessmentA critical assessment of the contributions of the performance management system scorecard system reveals many positive impacts on SPQ. Implementing the use of PMS in 2003 and within two years achieving the industry leader status as an organization is a massive feat. Additionally, the application of the PMS to individual performance in the organization is significant wherein individuals objectives were not only linked to corporate objectives but hardworking individuals would be rewarded accordingly based on their performance. The author agrees with the evidence that Performance Management Systems contribute positively to organizational performance. However, the author recommends that the linking of individual performance to remuneration and rewards should be categorized (years of experience, degree of training etc.) and with a reasonably strict remuneration baseline. This is to ens ure that new recruits are kept reasonably motivated to continue improving their performance since they will not necessarily be able to perform like the more experienced employees.6.0 Criticism of Performance Management SystemsNotwithstanding the benefits of PMS, the current applications of PMS have been criticized on many grounds. Earlier scholars believed that there is too much emphasis on performance rather than individual learning embedded in the PMS. It is argued that a learning approach should be encourage more in organizations than a performance-based approach towards employees. For example, Barrie and Pace (1999, p. 295) cited in Swanson and Elwood (2009) argues that it is the performance perspective that denies a persons fundamental and inherent agency and self-determination, not the learning perspective. both of the negative effects of training come from a performance perspective. Moreso, Bierema (1997, p. 23-4) cited in Swanson and Elwood (2009) adds that the machine men tality in the workplace, coupled with obsessive focus on performance, has created a crisis in individual development and that valuing development only if it contributes to productivity is a viewpoint that has perpetuated the mechanistic model of the past three hundred years. Dirkx (1997, p. 43) cited in Swanson and Elwood (2009) decries that even the so-called learning that seems to be projected in PMS are defined according to the perceived needs of the sponsoring organization and the work individuals are required to perform regardless of its contribution to the ultimate societys economic competitiveness and therefore the learning is simply a market-driven education.Additionally, Smither and London (2009) criticises four aspect of PMSs namely performance appraisal, accountability, excessive goals and contesting priorities. The philosophy of the performance appraisal aspect of PMS have been criticised as often being poorly developed in organizations and which is usually ill-executed. Also, when there are external and overarching factors such as effects of organizational structure, technology enablers or supply chain resources shortfalls, even a high performer whitethorn fail to reach set goals of which these causes may not be discounted in the PMS. Moreover, the idea of performance appraisal usually disruptive conflicts that negatively affect teamwork and impose on _or_ oppress relationships. It also confuses workers who wonder if there should always strive for the highest rating or identify areas of personal development and risk low performance rating. Therefore employees are usually placed in a position to do what is expected to be done and not necessarily what is known to be right because of the upkeep of being called the low performer. In this context also, performance appraisal can lower self-esteem which can affect workers motivation (Davidson et al. 2009).Accountability is an important part of the PMS. The competence of managers to truly analyse an ind ividual enough to carry a complex psychological process of setting appropriate goals for many individuals, mentoring and coaching them is questioned. Moreover, the ability of managers in the performance management process to balance the roles of telling an employee that the employee is a low performer while at the same time he is expected to be the coach and mentor is questioned in the process.Goal setting is critical to PMS. Locke and Lotham (1990) cited in Smither and London (2009) emphasizes that if there are many goals and enough time it can be accomplished but when there are many goals to be executed at the same time performance can be mitigated. Practitioners suggests septet goals (Smither London 2009) but many organizations have much more goals and sub-goals designated to individuals and teams which is argued will be counter-productive explaining the reason PMSs are not effective.Contesting priorities is a fact of business that draws on the competence of managers and employ ees. Managers have realised that in the normal course of business huge tradeoffs usually occur beyond the ability of the manager to control in order to achieve the most pressing goal. The application of the balanced scorecard (BSC) proposed by Kaplan and Norton (1996) focussing on assessing performance on four broad areas of the business has been criticised as unrealistic in measuring individual performance since due to tradeoffs, should not be expected to meet all the goals, hence PMS explained as ineffective (Smither London 2009).7.0 Conclusion and RecommendationsConclusively, a critical assessment of the contributions of PMS to organizational and individual performance reveals that PMS delivers many benefits to the organization when properly implemented. However, organizations keep going that individual performance is improved when Performance Management Systems were deployed. While the debate continues as to the overall benefit of the PMS from an individuals viewpoint, the aut hor believes that Performance Management Systems should be implemented in a manner that satisfies the needs of the individual while satisfying the organizations objectives. While the balance of objectives between individual and organization will not be easy, organizations that make the effort will continue to benefit by retaining the best of workers in the industry.